The Toyota Land Cruiser is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese car maker Toyota. The Land Cruiser series is the longest running series in Toyota history.
Production regarding the first generation Land Cruiser began in 1951 (90 products) as Toyota's form of a Jeep-like vehicle. The Land Cruiser provides been produced in hardtop, convertible, station wagon, and energy vehicle versions. The Land Cruiser's reliability and sustainability has led to huge popularity, particularly in South Sudan and Australia where it is the best-selling body-on-frame, four-wheel drive vehicle. Toyota also extensively tests the Land Cruiser in the Australian outback considered to be one of the toughest working environments in both temperature and terrain. Principal rivals consist of the number Rover, Land Rover Discovery, Jeep Wrangler, Mitsubishi Pajero and Nissan Patrol. In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store.
When running two wheels simultaneously the wheels must be allowed to rotate at various rates whilst the vehicle goes around figure. This is accomplished with a differential. A differential allows one input shaft (e.g., the driveshaft of a vehicle or truck) to drive two output shafts (e.g. - axle shafts that go from the differential to the wheel) independently with different speeds. The differential distributes torque (angular force) uniformly, while releasing angular velocity (turning speed) in a way that the average for the two output shafts is equal to that of the differential ring gear. Each powered axle requires a differential to distribute power between the remaining and correct sides. When all four wheels are driven, third or 'center' differential can be made use of to distribute power between the front and rear end axles.
The described system handles quite well, as it is able to accommodate various forces of movement and distribute power evenly and smoothly, making slippage unlikely. Once it does slip, but, recovery is difficult. If the left front wheel of a 4WD automobile slips on an icy patch of road, for instance, the slipping wheel will spin faster than the other wheels due to the lower traction at that wheel. Since a differential applies equal torque to each power, half-shaft is reduced at the other wheels, even if these people have actually good traction. This problem can occur in both 2WD and 4WD cars, anytime a driven wheel is positioned on a surface area with small traction or raised off the ground. The simplistic design works acceptably well for 2WD vehicles. It is much less acceptable for 4WD vehicles, because 4WD vehicles have twice as many wheels with which to lose traction, increasing the probability that it may happen. 4WD vehicles can also be more likely to drive on surfaces with reduced traction. However, since torque is divided amongst four rims rather than two, each wheel receives approximately half the torque of a 2WD vehicle, reducing the prospective for wheel slip.
In 1941 the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the Philippines, where these people found an old Bantam Mk II jeep, and promptly delivered it to Japan. The Japanese armed forces authorities commanded Toyota to make a similar vehicle but to not model the appearance on the American Jeep. The prototype was called the Model AK and was previously adopted by The Japanese Imperial Army as the Yon-Shiki Kogata Kamotsu-Sha type 4 compact cargo-truck).
Later in 1941 the Japanese government asked Toyota to produce a light truck for the Japan military campaign. Toyota developed a ÃÂ-ton prototype known as the AK10 in 1942. The AK10 was built using reverse-engineering from the Bantam GP. The truck featured an upright front grille, flat front wheel arches that angled down and back like the headlights, FJ40 mounted above the wheel arches on either area of this radiator, and a folding windshield.
The AK10 utilized the 2259 cc, 4-cylinder Type C motor from the Toyota Model AE sedan with a three-speed manual transmission and two-speed transfer gearbox hooked up to it. There is actually no mechanical relationship between the AK10 and the postwar Toyota "Jeep" BJ. Most of the AK10's were not positively used (unlike the U.S. Jeep) and there are almost no photographs from it in the battlefield.
The Toyota J40 is the product identification for a Toyota Land Cruiser 40 series made from 1960 until 1984 (in Brazil, where it was referred to as the Toyota Bandeirante, it was made from 1958 until 2001). Most 40 collection Land Cruisers were built as two-door vehicles with slightly larger dimensions than a Jeep CJ.
The model was available as the FJ40 series (with F engines) and also BJ40/41/42 (small wheelbase), BJ43/44/46 (heart wheelbase) or HJ45/47 (long wheelbase) designation exactly where it had a Diesel engine. The Land Cruisers constructed in Brazil from 1958 to 1962 received the series code FJ25 (topless) and FJ25L (soft leading) but are typically called to as FJ-251, and in 1961 thanks to a brand new motor referred to as 2F - not to be confounded utilizing the later 2F engine from 1975 - there still came out some few units with the collection code FJ-151L (soft top). With the product name changed to Bandeirante after 1961, those created from 1962 to 1993 - with Mercedes-Benz engines - got OJ50/55 series and those created from 1994 to 2001 - with Toyota engines - BJ50/55 series model codes.
References to the series in this article is to the J40 series unless referring to one of the petrol (FJ40/42 2WD) or diesel (BJ4#/HJ4#) models specifically.
For the history of the J series from the original 1951 Toyota Jeep BJ with the J20 series see Land Cruiser History from 1950 to 1955.
1960: J40 series launched (wheelbase 2,285 mm (90 in)/2,430 mm (96 in)/2,650 mm (104 in)).
1963: Longer wheelbase (2,950 mm (116 in)), cab-chassis, FJ45-B and pickup were added).
1967: End of four-door FJ45V (I) (w/b 2,650 mm (104 in)) creation, replaced by FJ55 Station wagon).
2-door FJ45-B renamed FJ45 (II) (w/b 2,950 mm (116 in)).
1973?: HJ45 launched with the 3.6-litre, H inline 6-cylinder diesel engine.
1974: BJ40/43 established with the B, 3.0-litre inline 4-cylinder diesel engine. A factory-fitted roll club gets standard in the United States.
1975: Rear ambulance doors are added to US design FJ40s. The lift entrance remains available as an option in other countries.
1976: Disc brakes on the front axle.
1977: Front door vent vent, windows, removed windows on the tough top in the United States
1979: Power steering (just F models) and air conditioning included with the gear, options ratios modified from 4:10 to 3:70 within the United States to be more freeway friendly
1980: HJ47 launched with a 4.0-liter six-cylinder diesel engine. End of HJ45 production.
BJ42/46 and BJ45 launched with a 3.4-liter four-cylinder diesel engine.
1981: Power steering added on the BJ models to the disk, possibilities brakes added in Australia.
1984: End of J40 series production (changed by J70 series).
1993: Five-speed transmission becomes available for the Toyota Bandeirante.
1994: In Brazil, the Mercedes-Benz OM-364 engine is replaced by the Toyota 14B unit.
2001: conclusion of Bandeirante production.
The J40/41/42 was a two-door short wheelbase four-wheel-drive vehicle, with either a gentle or a hardtop (V). It was available with various diesel or petrol (from 1974) engines over its lifetime. Information technology was replaced of all markets from 1984 by the J70 series (70/71).
The FJ42 is 4X2 design, for just the Middle East.
The J43/J44/46 was an extremely rare two-door method wheelbase four-wheel-drive vehicle, with either soft or hard-top (V). It was replaced on the majority of markets from 1984 by the J70 series (73/74).
The J45/47 was a long-wheelbase four-wheel-drive vehicle, available in two-door hardtop, three-door hardtop, four-door station wagon and two-door pickup designs. The four-door place wagon model (FJ45V-I) was the shortest-lived of the J40 series, as it was replaced because of the FJ55G/V in 1967.
The Bandeirante TB25/TB41/TB51 Series are J2 collection built in Brazil by Toyota do Brasil Ltda from 1962 to 1966/68. In 1966 they were replaced by the OJ32 (soft top) and OJ31 (hard top) for the TB25, and the TB81 for any TB51; for an unknown reason the TB41 would keep its J2 code until 1968 when Toyota do Brasil switched out of the J2 on the J3 series in 1966.
The Bandeirante OJ40/OJ45 Series (1968 to 1973), OJ50/OJ55 Series (1973 to 1994) and BJ50/BJ55 Series (1994 to 2001) are J4 series built in Brazil by Toyota perform Brasil Ltda from 1968 to 2001. Identical to the BJ40 in almost every respect, it had a few stylistic changes to the grille (models produced from 1989 on featured square headlights, instead of the round ones used before) and used Mercedes-Benz OM-314/OM-324/OM-364 diesel engines (replaced by Toyota 14B inline 4 direct injection Diesel engine in 1994) for much of its production life; another visible mayor distinctive are the entire hind doors (like at Land Rover) other than the standard Toyota two-wing hind doors at the Bandeirante's hard top models.
1959:
FJ25 - Short open (topless) bushdrive car - motor Toyota F (May 1959 to 1960/61) - new in 1959 (also described as FJ251)
1960/1961:
FJ25L - Short soft top bushdrive car - engine Toyota F (1960/1961 to 1960/1961) - new in 1960/1961 (also described as FJ251L)
FJ151L - Short comfortable top bushdrive car - motor Toyota 2F (1960/1961 to December 1961) - replaces the the FJ25/FJ251 and FJ25L/FJ251L (there tend to be few mentions in literature and no preserved unit known; it might be even doubted if it's ever been actually built.
1962:
TB25L - Quick gentle top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (January 1962 to - 1966? - before August 1968) - changes the FJ151L (or FJ25L/FJ251L?)
TB25L - Quick hard top bushdrive car - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (January 1962 to - 1966? - before August 1968) - brand new in 1962
TB41L - Long hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (September 1962 to July 1968) - brand new in 1962
TB51L - Short pickup with native bed - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (September 1962 to January 1966)
1965:
TB51L3 - Short 3-door double cabin pickup with native steel and sleep bed cover - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (? < 1965 < ?) - new in 1965; possibly there may have been built one unit only
1966? (between 1962 and 1968):
OJ32L - Short soft top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (before August 1968 - 1966? - to August 1968) - replaces the soft top TB25L
OJ31L - Short hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (before August 1968 - 1966? - to August 1968) - replaces the hard top TB25L
TB81L - Short pickup with native bed - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (February 1966 to August 1968) - replaces the TB51L
1968:
OJ40L - Quick soft top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (September 1968 to January/February 1973) - changes the OJ32L
OJ40LV - Short hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (October 1968 to January/February 1973) - replaces the OJ31L
OJ40LV-B - Long hard leading bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (October 1968 to January/February 1973) - changes the TB41L
OJ45LP-B - Short pickup with local bed - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-324 (September 1968 to January/February 1973) - replaces the TB81L
1973:
OJ50L - Short soft top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-314 (February 1973 to November 1989) - replaces the OJ40L
OJ50LV - Short hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-314 (February 1973 to November 1989) - replaces the OJ40LV
OJ50LV-B - Long hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-314 (February 1973 to November 1989) - replaces the OJ40LV-B
OJ55LP-B - Short pickup with native bed - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-314 (February 1973 to November 1989) - replaces the OJ45LP-B
between 1973 and 1989:
OJ55LP-B3 - Short chassis-cab collection - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-314 (19?? to November 1989) - new in 19??
OJ55LP-BL - Long pickup with native bed - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-314 (19?? to November 1989) - new in 19??
OJ55LP-BL3 - Short chassis-cab pickup - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-314 (19?? to November 1989) - new in 19??
OJ55LP-2BL - Long 2-door double cabin pickup with native bed - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-314 (19?? to November 1989) - new in 19??
1989:
OJ50L - Short soft leading bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-364 (November 1989 to April 1994) - changes the OJ50L with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ50LV - Short hard top bushdrive car - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-364 (November 1989 to Abril 1994) - changes the OJ50LV with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ50LV-B - Long hard top bushdrive auto - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-364 (November 1989 to Abril 1994) - replaces the OJ50LV-B with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-B - Short pickup with native sleep - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-364 (November 1989 to Abril 1994) - replaces the OJ55LP-B with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-B3 - Quick chassis-cab pickup - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-364 (November 1989 to Abril 1994) - replaces the OJ55LP-B3 with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 engine
OJ55LP-BL - Long pickup with native sleep - motor Mercedes-Benz OM-364 (November 1989 to Abril 1994) - replaces the OJ55LP-BL with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-BL3 - Long chassis-cab collection - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 (November 1989 to Abril 1994) - replaces the OJ55LP-BL3 with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
OJ55LP-2BL - Long 2-door double cabin collection with native bed - engine Mercedes-Benz OM-364 (November 1989 to Abril 1994) - replaces the OJ55LP-2BL with Mercedes-Benz OM-314 motor
1994:
BJ50L - Short smooth very top bushdrive car - motor Toyota 14B - April 1994 to November 2001 - changes the OJ50L
BJ50LV - Short hard top bushdrive car - motor Toyota 14B - April 1994 to November 2001 - replaces the OJ50LV
BJ50LV-B - Long hard top bushdrive car - motor Toyota 14B - April 1994 to November 2001 - replaces the OJ50LV-B
BJ55LP-B - Short pickup with local bed - engine Toyota 14B - April 1994 to November 2001 - replaces the OJ55LP-B
BJ55LP-B3 - Short chassis-cab pickup - motor Toyota 14B - April 1994 to November 2001 - replaces the OJ55LP-B3
BJ55LP-BL - very long pickup with native bed - engine Toyota 14B - April 1994 to November 2001 - replaces the OJ55LP-BL
BJ55LP-BL3 - Long chassis-cab pickup - motor Toyota 14B - April 1994 to November 2001 - replaces the OJ55LP-BL3
BJ55LP-2BL - Long 2-door double cabin pickup with local bed - motor Toyota 14B - April 1994 to November 2001 - replaces the OJ55LP-2BL
1999:
BJ55LP-2BL4 - Long 2-door double cabin collection with native bed - motor Toyota 14B - 1999 to November 2001 - brand-new in 1999
Over the years Toyota has changed the engines used in the J40 series. The B series motor is a 4-cylinder diesel, in addition to H series a 6-cylinder diesel. The diesel-engined trucks were never sold for the general public in the USA, though some found their way in as mine trucks. The machines are similar, within the series. For example, the F and 2F engines share many of the same parts. However the H and 2H engines have almost absolutely nothing in common. There are specific versions within the engine series, for example, there's an F125 engine, and an F155 engine, all into the F series with different power rankings.
While not legal in some countries, most J40 series vehicles could have their roof and doorways taken out. With a folding windshield this allowed for total open-air experience.
The J40 Series also highlighted folding jump seats behind the passenger and operators seats. These folding seats not only made carrying another 2 passengers conceivable, but also allowed for maximum cargo space, as opposed to the folding rear seat in the Jeep CJ series.
Original factory winches were driven right from the move case (known as P.T.O. or power take off) powered through the engine. Later models had an optional electrical winch.
There is a good sized following of individuals that collect, maintain, and drive their J-series truck off road. Toyota still offers numerous replacement parts, available through Toyota parts departments worldwide. Many of these trucks find their house in places with severe road conditions as work trucks, exactly where they are used each day by their owners. Its essence resides on in the J70 series, which is essentially a J40 with an updated front half and slightly various engine offerings, such as a turbo charged diesel. It sells in a lot of places, but was never for sale in the United States Of America.
For 2006, Toyota introduced the FJ Cruiser, a modern SUV styled following the original FJ40. The FJ Cruiser (FJC) went available for sale in the spring of 2006.
Diesel Toys have actually a popular conversion on the Toyota FJ making use of the Diesel engine from the Toyota Fortuner 4WD, the Toyota 1KD-FTV D4D Diesel Engine it's been a popular conversion for those who want the reduced torque grunt and great fuel economy of a diesel.
Even though its manufacturing ended in Brazil several years ago, the Toyota Bandeirante is still really sought after, because of its good off-road performance. Thus Bandeirantes reach high prices in the Brazilian used car marketplace, especially the rare 1993 models which had been the only types installed with a Mercedes-Benz engine married to a five-speed transmission.
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Toyota Landcruiser Petrol FJ40 FJ43 FJ45 FJ55 series 1968 - 1982 Haynes Repair Manual NEW 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Diesel fuel in general is actually any liquid fuel used in diesel engines. The most popular is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to water (GTL) diesel, are more and more being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel. Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is actually a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD kind.
In the UK, diesel fuel for on-street use is usually abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined road automobile, which carries a taxation premium over equivalent fuel for non-road use (see Taxation).
In Australia diesel fuel is also known as 'distillate'.
Unlike gas and liquefied petroleum gas engines, diesel engines do not use high-voltage spark ignition (spark plugs). An engine running on diesel compresses the atmosphere inside the cylinder to high pressures and temperatures (compression ratios from 14:1 to 18:1 are common in existing diesel engines); the engine generally injects the diesel fuel directly into the cylinder, starting a few degrees before top dead center (TDC) and continuing throughout the burning event. The high temperatures inside the cylinder cause the diesel energy to respond with the air in the mix (oxidize or burn), heating and expanding the burning mixture to convert the thermal/pressure distinction into mechanical work, i.e., to move the piston. Engines have shine plugs to help start the engine by preheating the cylinders to at least operating temperature. Diesel motors are lean burn engines, burning the fuel in more air than is required for the chemical reaction. They thus use less fuel than rich burn spark ignition engines which use a Stoichiometric environment-fuel ratio (merely enough air to respond with the fuel). Because they have high compression rates and no throttle, diesel engines are more cost-effective than lots of spark-ignited engines.
Gasoline turbine internal combustion machines can also take diesel fuel, as can some other types of interior burning. External combustion engines can easily use diesel fuel as well.
This efficiency and its reduced flammability than gasoline would be the two main reasons for military use of diesel in armored fighting vehicles. Engines running on diesel also give more torque, and are less likely to stall, as they are controlled by mechanical or electronic governor.
A disadvantage of diesel as a vehicle fuel in cold climates, is that its viscosity increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel (see Compression Ignition Gelling) at temperatures of F), that cannot flow in fuel systems. Special low-temperature diesel contains additives to ensure that is stays liquid at lower temperatures, but starting a diesel engine in very cold weather condition may still pose considerable difficulties.
Another disadvantage of diesel engines compared to petrol/gasoline engines is the possibility of runaway failure. Since diesel engines do not require spark ignition, they can run as long as diesel fuel is supplied. Fuel is typically provided via a fuel pump. When the pump breaks down in an "open" position, the production of fuel will end up being unrestricted, and the engine will run out and risk terminal failure.
With turbocharged engines, the oil seals on the turbocharger may allowing, fail lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, where it is burned like typical diesel fuel.
In installations or vehicles that use diesel engines and also bottled gas, a gas leak into the engine area could also provide fuel for a runaway, via the engine air intake.
Diesel engines have the lowest specific fuel consumption of any large inner combustion engine employing a single cycle, 0.26 lb/hpÃÂh (0.16 kg/kWh) for very large marine engines (merged cycle power plants are more efficient, but employ two engines rather than one). Two-stroke diesels with high pressure forced induction, particularly turbocharging, make up a huge percentage of the very largest diesel machines.
In North America, diesel engines are primarily used in large trucks, where the low-stress, high-efficiency cycle leads to much longer engine life and reduced operational costs. These advantages also make the diesel engine well suited for use in the heavy-haul railway environment.
One of Diesel's professors in Munich was Carl von Linde. Diesel was unable to be graduated with their course in July 1879 because he fell unwell with typhoid. While waiting for the next examination date, he gained useful engineering experience at the Gebrder Sulzer Maschinenfabrik (Sulzer Brothers Machine Works) in Switzerland, Winterthur. Diesel was graduated in January 1880 with greatest academic honours and returned to Paris, where he assisted his past Munich professor, Carl von Linde, with the design and construction of a modern ice and refrigeration plant. Diesel became the director of the plant one year later.
In 1883, Diesel married Martha Flasche, and carried on to exert effort for Linde, gaining numerous patents in both Germany and France.
In early 1890, Diesel relocated to Berlin with his children, Rudolf and wife Jr, Heddy, and Eugen, to assume management of Linde's corporate research and development department and to join numerous other corporate boards there. As he ended up being not allowed to use the patents he developed while an employee of Linde's for his own purposes, he extended beyond the field of refrigeration. The guy first worked with steam, his analysis into thermal efficiency and fuel effectiveness leading him to build a steam engine making use of ammonia vapour. During tests, however, the motor exploded and nearly killed him. He invested many months in a hospital, followed by wellness and eyesight problems. He then started designing an engine based regarding the Carnot cycle, and in 1893, immediately after Karl Benz was granted a patent for their invention of the motor car in 1886, Diesel published a treatise entitled Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen WÃÂrmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren and formed the basis for his work with and innovation of the diesel engine.
Diesel understood thermodynamics and the theoretical and practical limitations on fuel effectiveness. He knew that as much as 90% on the energy available within the fuel is wasted in a steam motor. His work in engine design was driven by the goal of much larger efficiency ratios. After experimenting with a Carnot Cycle engine, he developed their own strategy. Eventually, the man received a patent for his design for a compression-ignition engine. In his engine, fuel was injected during the conclusion of compression as well as the fuel was ignited by the high heat caused by compression. From 1893 to 1897, Heinrich von Buz, director of guy AG in Augsburg, gave Rudolf Diesel the chance to create and test his ideas. Rudolf Diesel obtained patents for their design in Germany and other countries, including the U.S. The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an interior combustion engine that employs the heat of compression to initiate ignition and burn the fuel which has been injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel blend.
The diesel engine gets the highest thermal performance of any standard interior or external combustion engine due to its very large compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.
Diesel machines are manufactured in four-stroke and two-stroke versions. They were originally used as an even more efficient replacing for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they've been used in submarines and vessels. Use in locomotives, trucks, weighty equipment and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly started to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the united states increased. With respect to the Uk community of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel vehicles account for 50% of the overall sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.
The diesel internal combustion motor differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug (compression ignition rather than spark ignition).
In the genuine diesel engine, just air is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15:1 and 22:1 causing 40-bar (4.0 MPa; 580 psi) stress when compared with 8 to 14 bars (0.80 to 1.40 MPa; 120 to 200 psi) in the gasoline engine. This high compression heats the air to 550 ÃÂF). At about the top of the compression stroke, fuel is actually injected straight into the condensed air in the burning chamber. This may be into a (typically toroidal) void in the top of the piston or a pre-chamber depending upon the design of the engine. The fuel injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is dispersed evenly. The warmth for the compressed air vaporizes gas from the surface area on the droplets. The vapour is then ignited by the temperature from the compressed air in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has been burnt. The start of vaporisation causes a delay period during ignition and the characteristic diesel knocking sound as the vapour reaches ignition heat and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston. The rapid expansion of combustion gases then drives the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft.
Along with the high amount of compression allowing combustion to occur without an individual ignition system, a higher compression ratio greatly increases the engine's efficiency. Growing the compression ratio in a spark-ignition engine where fuel and air are mixed before entry to the cylinder is limited by the need to prevent damaging pre-ignition. Since just air is compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced into the tube until shortly before leading dead centre (TDC), premature detonation is not compression and issue ratios are far greater.
Diesel's original engine injected fuel aided by the assistance of compressed air, which atomized the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nozzle (a comparable principle to an aerosol spray). The nozzle opening was closed by a pin valve lifted by the camshaft to start the fuel injection before top dead centre (TDC). This is known as an air-blast treatment. Driving the three stage compressor used some power but the efficiency and internet power output was more than any other combustion engine at that time.
Diesel applications in service today raise the fuel to extreme pressures by mechanical pumps and deliver it to the combustion chamber by pressure-activated injectors without compressed air. With direct injected diesels, injectors spray fuel through 4 to 12 small orifices in its nozzle. The very early air injection diesels always had a superior combustion without having the sharp upsurge in pressure during combustion. Research is today being performed and patents are being taken out to once again use some form of air injection to reduce the nitrogen oxides and pollution, reverting to Diesel's initial implementation featuring its superior combustion and possibly quieter functioning. In all significant aspects, the modern diesel engine holds true to Rudolf Diesel's original design, that of igniting energy by compression at an extremely high pressure in the cylinder. With a great deal higher pressures and high technology injectors, present-day diesel engines use the so-called solid injection system applied by Herbert Akroyd Stuart for his hot bulb engine. The indirect injection engine could end up being considered the latest development of these low speed hot light bulb ignition engines.
In cold weather, high speed diesel engines can be tough to start because the mass associated with the cylinder block and cylinder head absorb the heat of compression, preventing ignition due to the larger surface-to-volume proportion. Pre-chambered engines create use of small electric heaters inside the pre-chambers called glowplugs, whilst the direct-injected engines have these glowplugs in the burning chamber.
Many engines use resistive heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air for starting, or until the engine reaches operating temperature. System block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the motor block) hooked up to the utility grid are used in cold climates when an engine is turned off for extended periods (a lot more than an hour), to reduce startup time and engine wear. Block heaters tend to be also used for emergency power standby Diesel-powered turbines which must rapidly pick up load on a power failure. In the past, a wider variety of cold-start methods were utilized. Some engines, such as for instance Detroit Diesel engines used a system to introduce small amounts of ether into the inlet manifold to begin combustion. Others used a mixed system, with a resistive heater burning methanol. An impromptu method, particularly on out-of-tune engines, is to by hand spray an aerosol can of ether-based engine starter fluid into the intake air stream (usually through the intake air filter assembly).
Most diesels are now turbocharged and some are both turbo supercharged and charged. Because diesels do not have fuel in the cylinder before combustion is initiated, more than one bar (100 kPa) of air can be loaded in the cylinder without preignition. A turbocharged engine can develop significantly more power than an obviously aspirated engine for the same configuration, as having more air in the cylinders enables more fuel to be burned and thus more power to be made. A supercharger is powered mechanically by the engine's crankshaft, while a turbocharger is powered by the engine exhaust, not requiring any mechanical power. Turbocharging can improve the fuel economy of diesel engines by recovering waste heat from the exhaust, increasing the excess air factor, and increasing the ratio of engine output to friction losses.
A two-stroke engine does not have a discrete exhaust and intake stroke and therefore is incapable of self-aspiration. Therefore all two-stroke machines must be fitted with a blower to recharge the cylinders with air and assist in dispersing exhaust gases, a process referred to as scavenging. In some cases, the motor may also end up being fitted with a turbocharger, whose result is actually directed into the blower inlet. A few designs employ a crossbreed turbocharger for scavenging and charging the cylinders, which device is mechanically driven at cranking and low speeds to work as a blower.
As supercharged or turbocharged engines produce more energy for a given engine size as compared to naturally aspirated attention, engines must be paid to the mechanical layout of components, lubrication, and air conditioning to handle the energy. Pistons are usually cooled with lubrication oil sprayed on the base associated with the piston. Large engines may use water, sea water, or oil provided through telescoping pipes attached to the crosshead.
As with petrol engines, you will find two classes of diesel engines in current use: four-stroke and two-stroke. The four-stroke type is the "classic" version, tracing its lineage back to Rudolf Diesel's model. It is additionally the a lot of commonly utilized form, being the preferred power source for most motor vehicles, especially vehicles and buses. Much larger engines, many of these as used for railroad locomotion and marine propulsion, are often two-stroke units, offering a more favourable power-to-weight ratio, along with better fuel economic climate. The absolute most powerful engines in the world tend to be two-stroke diesels of mammoth dimensions.
Two-stroke diesel engine operation is similar to that of petrol counterparts, except that fuel is certainly not mixed with air before induction, and the crankcase really does not get an active role in the cycle. The traditional two-stroke layout relies upon a mechanically driven good displacement blower to charge the cylinders with air before compression and ignition. The charging process also assists in expelling (scavenging) combustion fumes remaining out of the previous power swing.
The archetype of the modern-day form of the two-stroke diesel could be the (high-speed) Detroit Diesel Series 71 motor, designed by Charles F. "Boss" Kettering and his colleagues at General Motors Corporation in 1938, in that the blower pressurizes a chamber in the engine block that is often referred to as the "air box". The (very much larger medium-speed) Electro-Motive Diesel engine is used as the leading mover in EMD diesel-electric locomotive, marine and stationary programs, and was designed by the same team, and is built to your same concept. However, a considerable improvement built into most later EMD engines is the mechanically-assisted turbo-compressor, that provides charge air utilizing mechanical assistance during beginning (thereby obviating the necessity for Roots-blown scavenging), and provides charge air using an exhaust gas-driven turbine during normal operationsthereby offering true turbocharging and in addition increasing the engine's power output by at the very least fifty percent.
In a two-stroke diesel engine, as the cylinder's piston draws near the bottom dead centre exhaust harbors or valves are opened reducing most of the excess pressure after which a passage between the air box as well as the cylinder is opened, permitting air flow to the cylinder. The air flow blows the remaining combustion gases out of the cylinderthis may be the scavenging process. As the piston passes through base center and starts upward, the passage is closed and compression commences, culminating in fuel treatment and ignition. Refer to two-stroke diesel machines for more detailed insurance coverage of aspiration sorts and supercharging of two-stroke diesel engines.
Normally, the sheer number of cylinders are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used so long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The inline-six-cylinder design is the most prolific in light- to medium-duty engines, though small V8 and larger inline-four displacement engines tend to be additionally common. Small-capacity engines (generally regarded as to be those below five litres in capacity) are generally four- or six-cylinder sorts, with the four-cylinder being the absolute most common type found in automotive uses. Five-cylinder diesel engines have also produced, becoming a compromise between the smooth working for the six-cylinder together with space-efficient dimensions of the four-cylinder. Diesel engines for smaller plant equipment, boats, tractors, generators and pumps may be four, three or two-cylinder types, using the single-cylinder diesel engine remaining for light stationary function. Direct reversible two-stroke marine diesels need at least three cylinders for trustworthy restarting forwards and reverse, while four-stroke diesels need at least six cylinders.
The aspire to boost the diesel engine's power-to-weight ratio produced several novel cylinder arrangements to extract more power from a given capability. The uniflow opposed-piston engine utilizes two pistons in a single cylinder with the burning cavity in the center and gas in- and stores at the ends. This is why a comparatively light, beneficial, swiftly running and economic motor suitable for use in aviation. An instance is the Junkers Jumo 204/205. The Napier Deltic engine, with three cylinders arranged in a triangular formation, each containing two opposed pistons, the whole engine having three crankshafts, is among the greater known.
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