Covers everything you need to know, step by step procedures, hundreds of photographs and illustrations, routine maintenance, wiring diagrams, repairs and overhauls, and what tools to buy. Gregorys manuals are based on an actual vehicle stripdown and are researched and written by automotive engineers with vast experience.Gregorys workshop manuals are produced for the Australian market. These vehicle specifications may vary from those sold in other countries. Please be aware of these possible differences prior to using the data contained within.Published by Gregorys (Gregorys)
The Toyota Land Cruiser is a series of four-wheel drive automobiles produced by the Japanese car maker Toyota. The Land Cruiser show is the longest running series in Toyota history.
Production of the first generation Land Cruiser began in 1951 (90 units) as Toyota's form of a Jeep-like vehicle. The Land Cruiser has been made in convertible, hardtop, station wagon, and utility truck versions. The Land Cruiser's reliability and longevity has led to huge popularity, especially in South Sudan and Australia where it may be the best-selling body-on-frame, four-wheel drive vehicle. Toyota additionally extensively tests the Land Cruiser in the Australian outback — considered to be one of the toughest operating environments in both heat and terrain. Main rivals include the number Rover, Land Rover Discovery, Jeep Wrangler, Mitsubishi Pajero and Nissan Patrol. In Japan, the Land Cruiser is exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Store.
In 1941 the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the Philippines, where they found an outdated Bantam Mk II jeep, and promptly delivered it to Japan. The Japanese military authorities commanded Toyota to generate a similar car but to not model the appearance on the American Jeep. The prototype was known as the Model AK and was formally adopted by The Japanese Imperial Army as the Yon-Shiki Kogata Kamotsu-Sha
Later in 1941 the Japanese government asked Toyota to create a light truck when it comes to Japan army campaign. Toyota developed a half-ton prototype called the AK10 in 1942. The AK10 was built using reverse-engineering from the Bantam GP. The truck featured an upright front grille, flat top wheel arches that angled down and straight back like the headlights, FJ40 mounted above the wheel arches on either side of the radiator, and a folding windshield.
The AK10 used the 2259 cc, 4-cylinder Type C motor from the Toyota unit AE sedan with a three-speed manual transmission and two-speed transfer gearbox connected to it. There is no mechanical relationship between the AK10 and the postwar Toyota "Jeep" BJ. Most for the AK10's had been not positively utilized (unlike the U.S. Jeep) and there are almost no photographs from it in the battlefield.
The Land Cruiser 60 series was produced from 1980 through 1990 for most markets but the Cumana herbal in Venezuela proceeded until 1992 with regards to their local marketplace. It is actually a forward engine, four door wagon which can seat five to eight people. Like all Land Cruiser generations, it established fact in the off-road globe for its off-road abilities but was somewhat restricted by its awkward departure angles. The 60 series was available in the following solid exterior shades: Alpine White, Brown, Desert Beige, Freeborn Red, Royal Blue; and in the following metallic exterior colors: Charcoal Gray, Cognac, Gray-Blue, Rootbeer, Sky Blue, Stardust Silver.
1980 — The 60 series was introduced. While still keeping the rugged off-road characteristics of previous Land Cruisers, the 60 was designed to better compete in the emerging sport utility vehicle marketplace. The 60 was presented with a variety of comforts like air conditioning, a rear heater and an upgraded interior. The FJ60's "2F" gas engine had been left unchanged from the "40" series while six-cylinder 4.0 L 2H and four-cylinder 3.4 L 3B diesel engines had been added to the product range.
1981 — Land Cruiser sales exceeded 1 million and a high-roof version was introduced. The 60 series was introduced to South Africa when a stock Land Cruiser competed in the Toyota 1000 km Desert Race in the punishing wilds of Botswana.
1984 — This was the final year for the 40 series.
1984 — Alongside the 60 series, the 70 line was introduced.
1985 — The Direct-injection 12H-T turbodiesel engine was introduced.
1988 — The petrol engine was upgraded to a 4.0 L 3F-E EFI engine. The FJ62G VX-Series ended up being introduced permitting the Land Cruiser to be sold in Japan as a passenger automobile.
A sport utility vehicle or suburban utility vehicle (SUV) is actually a vehicle similar to a station wagon or estate car, usually prepared with four-wheel drive for on- or off-road ability. Some SUVs are the towing capacity of a pickup vehicle with the passenger-carrying room of a minivan or large sedan.
Popular in the late-1990s and early–mid-2000s, SUVs sales temporarily dropped as a result of large oil prices and a declining economy. The standard truck-based SUV is gradually being supplanted through the crossover SUV, which uses an automobile platform for lighter weight and better fuel efficiency, as a response to much of this criticism of sport utility cars. By 2010, SUV sales around the globe were growing, in spite of high gas prices.
Although designs differ, SUVs have historically been mid-size passenger vehicles with a body-on-frame chassis comparable to that found on light trucks. Early SUVs were mostly two-door types, and were offered with removable tops. But, consumer demand pushed the SUV market towards four doors, by 2002 all full-size two-door SUVs were gone from the market. Two-door SUVs were mostly carry-over models, and their sales were maybe not viable enough to warrant a redesign at the end of their design cycle. The Jeep Wrangler stayed as a compact two-door human body style, although it ended up being also joined by a four-door variant starting with the 2007 model year, the Wrangler Unlimited. The number of two-door SUV designs increased in the 2010s with the release of the number Rover Evoque and the Nissan Murano convertible, although both vehicles tend to be unibody.
Most SUVs are designed with an engine compartment, a combined passenger and cargo compartment, and no dedicated trunk such as in a station wagon body. Most full-size and mid-size SUVs have three rows of seats with a cargo area directly behind the last row of seats. Cargo barriers are often fitted into the cargo region to safeguard the vehicles occupants from injury from unsecured cargo in the event of sudden impact or deceleration.
SUVs tend to be known for large ground clearance, upright, boxy body, and high H-point. This can cause them to more likely to roll over due to their high center of gravity. Bodies of SUVs have recently come to be a lot more streamlined, however the sheer size and fat keeps their particular fuel economy poor.
Four-by-four (4x4) refers to the general course of vehicles. The first figure is normally the total wheels (more exactly, axle ends, which may have multiple wheels), and the second, the quantity that are powered. Syntactically, 4x2 means a four-wheel vehicle that transmits engine power to simply two axle-ends: the front two in forward-wheel drive or the rear two in rear-wheel drive.
The H is a 3.6 L (3,576 cc) inline 6, 12-valve OHV diesel engine. Bore is 88 mm and stroke is 98 mm, with a compression ratio of 21:1. Output is 95 PS (70 kW) at 3,600 rpm with 22.0 kgm (216 of torque at 2,200 rpm.
The 2H is a 4.0 L (3,980 cc) inline 6, 12 device OHV diesel engine. Bore is 91 mm and stroke is 102 mm, with a compression ratio of 20.7:1. Productivity is 105 PS (77 kW) at 3,500 rpm - later on production years 107 hp (80 kW) with 177 of torque at 2,000 rpm.
The 12H-T is a 4.0 L (3,980 cc) inline 6, 12 valve OHV turbocharged diesel engine. Bore is 91 mm and stroke is 102 mm, with a compression ratio of 18.6:1. Output is 134 hp (100 kW) at 3500 rpm with 232 of torque at 1,800 rpm.
The 60 series Toyota Land Cruiser was produce by Toyota Motor Company from 1980 to 1990. The 60 series Land Cruiser was a step up in comfort from the FJ55 model that preceded it. This was due in part to expanding demand for such a vehicle in Japan and the need to compete with Land Rover in the United States. the model 60 series debuted with both diesel and gasoline engine alternative, the 2F (gas) and 3B (diesel) engines. the 2F engine is similar engine that was in fact used for several years in the FJ40. Diesel variants of the 60 series were not sold in the United States.
The HJ60 was released in 1982. It ended up being equipped with an inline 6 tube diesel engine (2H) and many luxury features including an electrical moon roof and remote control mirrors. The FJ and BJ 60 series at some point grew to be the BJ61 and FJ61. A GX (luxury) version was eventually extra for the FJ and BJ 61.
The FJ62 was produced starting in 1984. However, the 62 model had been not offered in the U.S. until 1988. Information technology came with an automatic 4-speed transmission and electronic fuel injected 4.0L inline 6-cylinder engine (3FE).
In 1985 the 12H-T motor ended up being added to the 60 series in the HJ61. The 12H-T is a diesel engine with an immediate injection turbo setup.
There were over 2500 variations of the 60 series Land Cruiser sold all over world. Option packages had been available in certain markets called the G, VX, GX, GXL, and Sahara.
The 60 series began as basic as you possibly can obtain for an automobile (obviously this was the norm at that time). It had manual locks, glass windows, and mirrors, carbureted fuel delivery (or diesel outside the U.S.), a manual transmission, and solid front and rear axles. Even though later models had electric decorative mirrors, sunroofs, locks, glass windows, automated transmissions, and digital fuel injection, these components had been nevertheless very reliable.
Simplicity also delivers a specific amount of longevity. The less stuff there is, the less stuff there's to break. Besides simplicity additionally, there are a number of design components that include to the durability of the 60 series Toyota Land Cruiser. All 60 series Land Cruisers arrived with body-on-frame construction. Some modern SUVs and trucks still use this structure, but many light-duty SUVS or crossovers have transitioned to a unibody construction. The body-on-frame method will help keep your body from getting and twisting misaligned after years of driving on rough terrain. All 60 series also have a solid front axle. This is probably more durable than an independent suspension setup. This is hard to find in modern vehicles. Toyota even started putting Independent front suspension (IFS) on Land Cruisers in 1998 with the debut of the 100 series. The motors used in the 60 series are also a really durable component. Every engine that arrived in a 60 series was high quality.
The 60 series was the first attempt by Toyota to make the Land Cruiser a more passenger friendly auto. Information technology was a lot more comfortable to drive than its forerunner, the FJ55. However, it retained the rugged capabilities of the FJ55. Not all 60 Series Land Cruisers were sold with air cooling, but the A/C method that Toyota put in them works very effectively. The sound, seating proofing, and adjusted spring rate included with the comfortable ride compared to its predecessors.
Toyota Land Cruiser 60 70 and 80 series 4.0 and 4.2 litre Diesel Gregory Service and Repair Manual 1980-1998 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an
internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate
ignition and burn the fuel that has been injected into the combustion
chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol
engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed
to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.
The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any standard
internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression
ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications
where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a
thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.
Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions.
They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary
steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and
ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electric
generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be
used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in
larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to
the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average
for diesel cars account for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in
France and 38% in the UK.
His engines, built from 1891 by Richard Hornsby and Sons, were the first
internal combustion engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system.
The Hornsby-Akroyd engine used a comparatively low compression ratio, so
that the temperature of the air compressed in the combustion chamber at
the end of the compression stroke was not high enough to initiate
combustion. Combustion instead took place in a separated combustion
chamber, the "vaporizer" (also called the "hot bulb") mounted on the
cylinder head, into which fuel was sprayed. Self-ignition occurred from
contact between the fuel-air mixture and the hot walls of the vaporizer.
As the engine's load increased, so did the temperature of the bulb,
causing the ignition period to advance; to counteract pre-ignition,
water was dripped into the air intake.
The modern Diesel engine incorporates the features of direct (airless)
injection and compression-ignition. Both ideas were patented by Akroyd
Stuart and Charles Richard Binney in May 1890. Another patent was taken
out on 8 October 1890, detailing the working of a complete engine -
essentially that of a diesel engine - where air and fuel are introduced
separately. The difference between the Akroyd engine and the modern
Diesel engine was the requirement to supply extra heat to the cylinder
to start the engine from cold. By 1892, Akroyd Stuart had produced an
updated version of the engine that no longer required the additional
heat source, a year before Diesel's engine.
Diesel's original 1897 engine on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany
In 1892, Akroyd Stuart patented a water-jacketed vaporiser to allow
compression ratios to be increased. In the same year, Thomas Henry
Barton at Hornsbys built a working high-compression version for
experimental purposes, whereby the vaporiser was replaced with a
cylinder head, therefore not relying on air being preheated, but by
combustion through higher compression ratios. It ran for six hours - the
first time automatic ignition was produced by compression alone. This
was five years before Rudolf Diesel built his well-known
high-compression prototype engine in 1897.
Rudolf Diesel was, however, subsequently credited with the innovation,
and he was able to improve the engine further, whereas Akroyd Stuart
stopped development on his engine in 1893.
In 1892 Diesel received patents in Germany, Switzerland, the United
Kingdom and the United States for "Method of and Apparatus for
Converting Heat into Work". In 1893 he described a "slow-combustion
engine" that first compressed air thereby raising its temperature above
the igniting-point of the fuel, then gradually introducing fuel while
letting the mixture expand "against resistance sufficiently to prevent
an essential increase of temperature and pressure", then cutting off
fuel and "expanding without transfer of heat". In 1894 and 1895 he filed
patents and addenda in various countries for his Diesel engine; the
first patents were issued in Spain (No. 16,654), France (No. 243,531)
and Belgium (No. 113,139) in December 1894, and in Germany (No. 86,633)
in 1895 and the United States (No. 608,845) in 1898. He operated his
first successful engine in 1897.
At Augsburg, on August 10, 1893, Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single
10-foot (3.0 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its
own power for the first time. Diesel spent two more years making
improvements and in 1896 demonstrated another model with a theoretical
efficiency of 75%, in contrast to the 10% efficiency of the steam
engine. By 1898, Diesel had become a millionaire. His engines were used
to power pipelines, electric and water plants, automobiles and trucks,
and marine craft. They were soon to be used in mines, oil fields,
factories, and transoceanic shipping.
Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal
combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used
in automotive engines, having replaced carburetors during the 1980s and
1990s. A variety of injection systems have existed since the earliest
usage of the internal combustion engine.
The primary difference between carburetors and fuel injection is that
fuel injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small
nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor relies on suction created
by intake air accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw the fuel into
the airstream.
Modern fuel injection systems are designed specifically for the type of
fuel being used. Some systems are designed for multiple grades of fuel
(using sensors to adapt the tuning for the fuel currently used). Most
fuel injection systems are for gasoline or diesel applications.
The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary. All share
the central task of supplying fuel to the combustion process, but it is
a design decision how a particular system is optimized. There are
several competing objectives such as:
Power output
Fuel efficiency
Emissions performance
Ability to accommodate alternative fuels
Reliability
Driveability and smooth operation
Initial cost
Maintenance cost
Diagnostic capability
Range of environmental operation
Engine tuning
The modern digital electronic fuel injection system is more capable at
optimizing these competing objectives consistently than earlier fuel
delivery systems (such as carburetors). Carburetors have the potential
to atomize fuel better (see Pogue and Allen Caggiano patents).
Herbert Akroyd Stuart developed the first device with a design similar
to modern fuel injection, using a 'jerk pump' to meter out fuel oil at
high pressure to an injector. This system was used on the hot bulb
engine and was adapted and improved by Bosch and Clessie Cummins for use
on diesel engines (Rudolf Diesel's original system employed a
cumbersome 'air-blast' system using highly compressed air). Fuel
injection was in widespread commercial use in diesel engines by the
mid-1920s.
An early use of indirect gasoline injection dates back to 1902, when
French aviation engineer Leon Levavasseur pioneered it on his Antoinette
8V aircraft powerplant.
Another early use of gasoline direct injection (i.e. injection of
gasoline, also known as petrol) was on the Hesselman engine invented by
Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925. Hesselman engines use the
ultra lean burn principle; fuel is injected toward the end of the
compression stroke, then ignited with a spark plug. They are often
started on gasoline and then switched to diesel or kerosene.
Direct fuel injection was used in notable World War II aero-engines such
as the Junkers Jumo 210, the Daimler-Benz DB 601, the BMW 801, the
Shvetsov ASh-82FN (M-82FN). German direct injection petrol engines used
injection systems developed by Bosch from their diesel injection
systems. Later versions of the Rolls-Royce Merlin and Wright R-3350 used
single point fuel injection, at the time called "Pressure Carburettor".
Due to the wartime relationship between Germany and Japan, Mitsubishi
also had two radial aircraft engines utilizing fuel injection, the
Mitsubishi Kinsei (kinsei means "venus") and the Mitsubishi Kasei (kasei
means "mars").
Alfa Romeo tested one of the very first electronic injection systems
(Caproni-Fuscaldo) in Alfa Romeo 6C2500 with "Ala spessa" body in 1940
Mille Miglia. The engine had six electrically operated injectors and
were fed by a semi-high pressure circulating fuel pump system.
The invention of mechanical injection for gasoline-fueled aviation
engines was by the French inventor of the V8 engine configuration, Leon
Levavasseur in 1902. Levavasseur designed the original Antoinette firm's
series of V-form aero engines, starting with the Antoinette 8V to be
used by the aircraft the Antoinette firm built that Levavasseur also
designed, flown from 1906 to the firm's demise in 1910, with the world's
first V16 engine, using Levavasseur's direct injection and producing
some 100 hp, flying an Antoinette VII monoplane in 1907.
The first post-World War I example of direct gasoline injection was on
the Hesselman engine invented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in
1925. Hesselman engines used the ultra lean burn principle and injected
the fuel in the end of the compression stroke and then ignited it with a
spark plug, it was often started on gasoline and then switched over to
run on diesel or kerosene. The Hesselman engine was a low compression
design constructed to run on heavy fuel oils.
Direct gasoline injection was applied during the Second World War to
almost all higher-output production aircraft powerplants made in Germany
(the widely used BMW 801 radial, and the popular inverted inline V12
Daimler-Benz DB 601, DB 603 and DB 605, along with the similar Junkers
Jumo 210G, Jumo 211 and Jumo 213, starting as early as 1937 for both the
Jumo 210G and DB 601), the Soviet Union (Shvetsov ASh-82FN radial,
1943, Chemical Automatics Design Bureau - KB Khimavtomatika) and the USA
(Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone radial, 1944).
Immediately following the war, hot rodder Stuart Hilborn started to
offer mechanical injection for race cars, salt cars, and midgets,
well-known and easily distinguishable because of their prominent
velocity stacks projecting upwards from the engine they were used on.
The first automotive direct injection system used to run on gasoline was
developed by Bosch, and was introduced by Goliath for their Goliath
GP700 automobile, and Gutbrod in 1952. This was basically a
high-pressure diesel direct-injection pump with an intake throttle valve
set up. (Diesels only change the amount of fuel injected to vary
output; there is no throttle.) This system used a normal gasoline fuel
pump, to provide fuel to a mechanically driven injection pump, which had
separate plungers per injector to deliver a very high injection
pressure directly into the combustion chamber. The 1954 Mercedes-Benz
W196 Formula 1 racing car engine used Bosch direct injection derived
from wartime aero engines. Following this racetrack success, the 1955
Mercedes-Benz 300SL, the first production sports car to use fuel
injection, used direct injection. The same engine was used in the
Mercedes-Benz 300SLR famously driven by Stirling Moss to victory in the
1955 Mille Miglia. The Bosch fuel injectors were placed into the bores
on the cylinder wall used by the spark plugs in other Mercedes-Benz
six-cylinder engines (the spark plugs were relocated to the cylinder
head). Later, more mainstream applications of fuel injection favored the
less-expensive indirect injection methods.
Chevrolet introduced a mechanical fuel injection option, made by General
Motors' Rochester Products division, for its 283 V8 engine in 1956
(1957 US model year). This system directed the inducted engine air
across a "spoon shaped" plunger that moved in proportion to the air
volume. The plunger connected to the fuel metering system that
mechanically dispensed fuel to the cylinders via distribution tubes.
This system was not a "pulse" or intermittent injection, but rather a
constant flow system, metering fuel to all cylinders simultaneously from
a central "spider" of injection lines. The fuel meter adjusted the
amount of flow according to engine speed and load, and included a fuel
reservoir, which was similar to a carburetor's float chamber. With its
own high-pressure fuel pump driven by a cable from the distributor to
the fuel meter, the system supplied the necessary pressure for
injection. This was a "port" injection where the injectors are located
in the intake manifold, very near the intake valve.
During the 1960s, other mechanical injection systems such as Hilborn
were occasionally used on modified American V8 engines in various racing
applications such as drag racing, oval racing, and road racing. These
racing-derived systems were not suitable for everyday street use, having
no provisions for low speed metering, or often none even for starting
(starting required that fuel be squirted into the injector tubes while
cranking the engine). However, they were a favorite in the
aforementioned competition trials in which essentially wide-open
throttle operation was prevalent. Constant-flow injection systems
continue to be used at the highest levels of drag racing, where
full-throttle, high-RPM performance is key.
Another mechanical system, made by Bosch called Jetronic, but injecting
the fuel into the port above the intake valve, was used by several
European car makers, particularly Porsche from 1969 until 1973 in the
911 production range and until 1975 on the Carrera 3.0 in Europe.
Porsche continued using this system on its racing cars into the late
seventies and early eighties. Porsche racing variants such as the 911
RSR 2.7 & 3.0, 904/6, 906, 907, 908, 910, 917 (in its regular
normally aspirated or 5.5 Liter/1500 HP Turbocharged form), and 935 all
used Bosch or Kugelfischer built variants of injection. The early Bosch
Jetronic systems were also used by Audi, Volvo, BMW, Volkswagen, and
many others. The Kugelfischer system was also used by the BMW 2000/2002
Tii and some versions of the Peugeot 404/504 and Lancia Flavia. Lucas
also offered a mechanical system that was used by some Maserati, Aston
Martin, and Triumph models between 1963 and 1973.
A system similar to the Bosch inline mechanical pump was built by SPICA
for Alfa Romeo, used on the Alfa Romeo Montreal and on U.S. market 1750
and 2000 models from 1969 to 1981. This was designed to meet the U.S.
emission requirements with no loss in performance and it also reduced
fuel consumption.
Toyota Motor Corporation is actually a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In 2013 the multinational corporation consisted of 333,498 employees worldwide and, as of January 2014, is the fourteenth-largest company in the world by revenue. Toyota was the biggest automobile manufacturer in 2012 (by production). In July of that year, the company reported the production of its 200-millionth car. Toyota is the world's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year. It did so in 2012 according to OICA, and in 2013 according to company data. As of November 2013, Toyota ended up being the biggest listed company in Japan by market capitalization (worth more than two times as much as #2-ranked SoftBank) and by revenue.
The business was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first item, the nature A engine, and, in 1936, its first traveler car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under 5 brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, and Scion. It also holds a 51.2% stake in Daihatsu, a 16.66% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, a 5.9% share in Isuzu, and a 0.27% stake in Tesla, along with joint-ventures with two in China (GAC Toyota and Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor), one in India (Toyota Kirloskar), one in the Czech Republic (TPCA), in addition to several "nonautomotive" companies. TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the biggest conglomerates in the globe.
As of 2009, Toyota officially lists approximately 70 different designs sold under its namesake brand, including vans, hybrids, sedans, trucks, coupes, and crossovers. Many of these types are produced as passenger sedans, which vary from the subcompact Toyota Yaris, to compact Corolla, to mid-size Camry, and full-size Avalon. Vans range from the Sienna, Previa/Estima, as well as others. Several small cars, such as the tC and xB, are sold under the Scion brand.
Toyota crossovers start around the compact RAV4 and Matrix, to midsize Venza and Kluger/Highlander. Toyota SUVs range from the midsize 4Runner to full-size Land Cruiser. Other SUVs include the FJ, Prado Cruiser, Fortuner, and Sequoia.
Toyota first added the pickup truck marketplace in 1947 with the SB that was only sold in Japan and limited Asian areas. Information technology ended up being implemented in 1954 by the RK (renamed in 1959 as the Stout) and in 1968 by the compact Hilux. With proceeded refinement, the Hilux (simply known as the Pickup in some markets) became famous for being extremely dependable and durable, and many of these trucks from as early as the late 1970s tend to be still on the highway today, some with over 300,000 miles. Extended and crew cab versions of these small haulers would eventually be included, and Toyota will continue to produce them today under various names depending on the market.
Riding on the success of the compact pickups in america, Toyota made a decision to try to enter the traditionally domestic-dominated full-size pickup market, introducing the T100 for the 1993 US model year, with manufacturing ending in 1998. While having a bed at the standard full-size length of 8 the feet, engine and suspension characteristics were still just like that of a compact pickup. It proved to be as reliable and economical as any typical Toyota pickup, but sales never became what Toyota brass had hoped for. It ended up being criticized as being as well small to appeal to the standard American full-size pickup customer. Another popular full-size truck essential, a V8 engine, was never available. Additionally, the truck was at first only available as a regular cab, though Toyota addressed this shortcoming and added the Xtracab variation in mid-1995.
In 1999 for the 2000 model year, Toyota replaced the T100 with the larger Tundra. The Tundra addressed criticisms that the T100 did not have the feel and look of a genuine American-style full-size pickup. Information technology also added the V8 engine that the T100 was criticized for not having. Nevertheless, the Tundra still came up short in towing capacity along with still feeling slightly carlike. These concerns were addressed with an even larger 2007 overhaul. A stronger V6 and a second V8 engine among other things were added to the option record. As of early 2010, the Tundra has captured 16 percent regarding the full-size half-ton industry in the US. The all-new Tundra was assembled in San Antonio, Texas, US. Toyota assembled around 150,000 Standard and Double Cabs, and just 70,000 Crew Max's in 2007. The smaller Tacoma (which traces its sources returning to the initial Hilux) was also produced at the company's San Antonio facility.
Outside the United States, Toyota produced the Hilux in Standard and Double Cab, gasoline and diesel engine, 2WD and 4WD versions. The BBC's leading Gear TV show featured two episodes of a Hilux that was deemed "virtually indestructible".
Toyota is continuing to grow to a large multinational business from where it expanded and started to different globally nations and markets. It displaced GM and became the world's biggest automobile maker for the year 2008. It held the title of the most profitable vehicle maker (US billion in 2006) along with increasing sales in, among other countries, the United States. The earth headquarters of Toyota are located in its home country in Toyota City, Japan. Its Toyota, subsidiary Financial Services sells participates and financing in other lines of business. Toyota brands are the firm and Lexus and Scion is actually part of the Toyota Group. Toyota also owns 51% of Daihatsu, and 16.7% of Fuji Heavy Industries, which manufactures Subaru vehicles. They also acquired 5.9% of Isuzu Motors Ltd. on November 7, 2006 and will be introducing Isuzu diesel technology into their products.
Toyota has introduced new technologies including one of the main mass-produced crossbreed gasoline-electric vehicles, of which it says it has sold 2 million globally as of 2010, Advanced Parking Guidance System (automatic parking), a four-speed electronically controlled automatic with buttons for power and economy shifting, and an eight-speed automatic transmission. Toyota, and Toyota-produced Lexus and Scion automobiles, regularly rank near the top in particular quality and reliability surveys, primarily J.D. Customer and Power stories even though they directed in automobile recalls for the first time in 2009.
In 2005, Toyota, combined with its half-owned part Daihatsu Motor organization, produced 8.54 million vehicles, about 500,000 fewer than the number generated by GM that year. Toyota has a big marketplace share in the us, but a small market share in European countries. Its also sells vehicles in Africa and is a market frontrunner in Australia. Because of to its Daihatsu subsidiary it offers significant market shares in several fast-growing Southeast Asian countries.
According to the 2008 Fortune Global 500, Toyota is the fifth largest company in the globe. Since the recession of 2001, it has gained share of the market in the us. Toyota's industry share struggles in Europe in which its Lexus brand has actually three tenths of a percent market share, compared to nearly two percent market share since the US deluxe segment frontrunner.
In the very first three months of 2007, Toyota together using its half-owned subsidiary Daihatsu reported amount one sales of 2.348 million units. Toyota's brand sales had risen 9.2% largely on demand for Corolla and Camry sedans. The difference in performance was largely related to surging demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. In November 2006, Toyota engine Manufacturing Texas added an establishment in San Antonio. Toyota has skilled top quality problems and was reprimanded by the government in Japan for its recall practices. In 2007, Toyota maintained over 16% of the US market share and was listed next and then GM in terms and conditions of volume. Toyota Century Royal is the official state car of the Japanese imperial family, namely for any current Emperor of Japan.
Toyota was struck by the worldwide financial crisis of 2008 as it absolutely was forced in December 2008 to forecast its first annual reduction in 70 many years. In January 2009 it announced the closure of most of its Japanese flowers for 11 days to lessen stocks and output of unsold vehicles.
Akio Toyoda became the new president and CEO of the company on June 23, 2009 by replacing Katsuaki Watanabe exactly who became the new vice chairman by replacing Katsuhiro Nakagawa.
In November 1989, the 2H pushrod diesel had been replaced by the overhead-camshaft 1HZ 4.2-litre, rated at 89kW at 4000rpm and 271Nm at 2000rpm. Optional, vacuum-operated diff hair were put into the requirements.
Another improvement was in November 1992, if the 1FZ-FE twin-cam, 24-valve petrol six had been launched. As well, all of the 75 show scored four-wheel disks, filled with a troublesome drum-in-rear-disc parking brake in the place of the previous tailshaft drum braking system.
In March 1995, the diesel was presented with a minor rework and an electric enhance, around 96kW.
The 75 Series bodywork included petrol and diesel cab/chassis, Troop companies with three-, six- or 11-seat ability and a diesel pick-up.
WHAT WOULD YOU GET?
Toyota offered well-sorted motors utilizing the correct specs for some applications, but the base-model front side chairs had been a fairly ordinary bucket-plus-bench arrangement.
Despite their working-class vocation, the 75 Series is very easy to function, with settings well-positioned and functional. The across-vehicle rear seat on RV versions try a tad featureless and unsupportive, but eyesight is good with this perch.
The Toyota choices record when it comes to 75 was extensive: air conditioning, another 90-litre gas tank (later on made standard), electro-pneumatic differential locks and a snorkel, plenty used machines tend to be fitted with a few or all of these.
The factory diff locks cannot feel retrofitted -- whilst still being cannot regarding existing 78 show -- due to the fact diff-lockable axles and their internals and half-shafts were unique.
Mechanically, 75s final well, nevertheless the part-time 44 driveline is very easily abused. Most employed 75s invest enough time in 4WD, also on tough areas, so transfer situation and diff issues are common.
The standard 5.50 x 16 split wheels are popular with cockies, councils, authorities divisions and mining companies, but the majority recreational consumers fit widies and tubed or tubeless one-piece wheels.
The inventory limited-slip diff ended up being poor in comparison to the Patrol's, so serious offroaders ordinarily decided on diff hair. The factory diff lock actuation ended up being challenging, however, and there was clearly usually a delay in getting the locks to interact. The style ended up being progressively altered to full-electric process.
The 75 Series motor bay had a silly tapered shape, which triggered some dramas for operators in hotter areas. It would appear that airflow through radiator was not as good as it may be, which wasn't a problem quite often, but could be if proprietors extracted more grunt from the diesel motor by turbocharging they.
RESULTS AND HANDLING
The twin-cam 4.5-litre petrol system had been practically overkill in 75, although the diesel slogger was one of the best low-speed, offroad machines available.
For most put 75 show purchasers the diesel may be the best system, mixing reasonable results with appropriate economy around 12--13lt/100km. The top petrol system consumed like a sailor and usually returned no better than 16--20lt/100km.
The plus region of the crude leaf-spring equation are a suspension system trustworthy in difficult problems and simply repaired inside bush. Exactly what the 75 Series does not have in wheel trips it gives in managed chassis perspective, so a well-driven 75 is quite capable in demanding offroad conditions.
Leaf-spring suspension directed the 75 show to a rough ride on all but smooth blacktop or dust. Since ride high quality wasn't exactly the 75's best point, numerous utilized vehicles have actually different suspension system mods meant to enhance the circumstance.
In the event that you plan to load yours up to the hilt, it will spend to see the load rating regarding the replacement springs, as numerous of those sacrifice load-carrying convenience of a gentler activity.
TOYOTA 78 SHOW
Toyota enhanced the 75 show to 78 amount in 1999 with all the introduction of coil springs at the front end end and extended leaves at the back. The petrol engine choice had been fallen.
Toyota took great attention when enhancing the 75 to not alienate a client base that however had a necessity for no-frills machinery. Including, the 78 Series scored improved diesel engines, but there was no electric shot or turbocharger choice due to the fact organization's general market trends indicated a preference for obviously aspirated, mechanically inserted machines. (That altered in belated 2001 as soon as the turbo-diesel variation was launched.)
The 78 show' diesel engine was enhanced and installed with a high-altitude compensator to cut back rich running and oils contamination.
The system had been mated to a better, lighter-shifting five-speed transmission and there was also a brand new clutch, with reduced pedal efforts. The 78 show was fitted with shorter-geared, 4.3:1 last drive ratios in axles to improve overall performance and top-gear mobility.
Toyota additionally claimed a five % fuel-consumption bonus the 78 Series within the 75, but we had been unable to assess the distinction when testing the 78. The 75's standard twin-tank, 180-litre fuel capability ended up being retained.
The 78 Series' coil-sprung front end is produced by the 100 Series truck range and incorporated larger-diameter disc brakes with four-pot callipers.
The 78 Series ute cab -- officially a 79 show -- have a 200mm wheelbase increase within the 75 show and a 120mm upsurge in cabin length for lots more interior space.
Back leaf-spring size on all 78 models ended up being enhanced by 172mm, for longer wheel trips and enhanced trip benefits, and an anti-sway bar is made standard on Troop company versions. The leading springtime hanger is situated less than the 75 show hanger to reduce the rear-axle steering result inherent in leaf-spring plans. Low-pressure gas-charged dampers are fitted forward and rear.
The five-stud wheel design introduced on 100 Series was utilized on the 78 show. Toyota claimed greater wheel-clamping energy from the latest arrangement, which had thicker 14mm studs and a larger-diameter pitch circle.
The 78 show bodywork searched externally just like the 75 Series, besides cosmetic adjustment into grilles plus the taxi extension from the ute and cab/chassis models. Purchasers don't want any styling changes, according to Toyota -- also insisting on retention of quarter vents inside doors. What they performed desire was enhanced cabin room and much more comfortable sitting, but nevertheless with a three-place front-seat arrangement.
Internally the 78 show appeared little not the same as the 75, nevertheless the tool panel incorporated the additional fuel-tank measure, in place of its past location on top of the dashboard. The newest panel had backlit digital tools, a digital odometer with two travel meters and caution lamps for home ajar, fuel-filter condition and, when it comes to snorkel-equipped products, air-cleaner constraint.
EFFICIENCY AND HANDLING
The LandCruiser 78 show was not planned as an innovative developing, but instead an evolutionary one. Payload capacity, offroad and rough-road capability, and powertrain and driveline efficiency needed to be preserved; but if Toyota could do this and develop drive high quality and driver convenience, that has been good.
Our examination suggested that these goals had been obtained.
The modified chairs, coil-sprung front end and brand new, larger-braked front axle improved the ride high quality out-of picture. Even bare, the Troop provider have balanced handling, albeit with a stiffer experience from the back-end versus front side. With a half-load within the straight back the trip had been exceptional, also over corrugations.
The upgraded motor don't smoke. It might cough up a blue puff on a cold morning, but the other countries in the time they ran with an almost-clear exhaust. That augured well for slightly extended oils solution periods, since the 78-Series did not dump the maximum amount of soot into its motor oils due to the fact 75 did.
On-road potential was enhanced because of the extra engine urge, and cog-swapping when you look at the revised gearbox was car-like.
We tested the normally aspirated 78 show against a factory-turbocharged 4.2-litre Nissan Patrol GU and discovered the Toyota wasn't far behind the Nissan, despite a significant on-paper advantage to the Patrol.
Offroad the 78 show was a significantly better performer compared to 75 Series, compliment of significantly improved motor responses, lower-speed gearing and best wheel travel both front side and back. Trip harshness was significantly less on rough areas.
The factory differential lock and snorkel options are retained for the 78 show, and front and rear bars, spotlights and a Superwinch are added to the list.
TURBO INTRODUCTION
The 2002-model 78 Series could be bought with a lesser compression ratio version of the 100 show' turbo-diesel, minus that system's intercooler. The 1HD-FTE diesel six put out 122kW at 3400rpm, with maximum torque of 380Nm between 1400rpm and 2600rpm.
The decision to fall the intercooler through the 1HD-FTE engine for the 78 show was partly because of cost pressures with what try an extremely price-competitive workhorse marketplace and partially due to the trouble of cooling the higher-output motor inside 78's smaller system bay.
The 78 Series didn't receive any considerable bodywork modifications using the turbo introduction, nevertheless the snorkel had been made standard equipment.
A brand new RV-grade cab/chassis ended up being introduced, with container seating, carpet, remote central locking, energy windows and aluminum wheels.
While not a full-authority electric motor, the 1HD-FTE comes with electronic control of its rotary shot pump. Maintenance is much more costly than with earlier 75 and 78 Series engines, because the injector lines wanted replacing if the timing buckle is completed.
PERFORMANCE AND DEALING WITH
The repowered 78 Series have impressive results and top-gear versatility the obviously aspirated engine couldn't fit. Highway mountains that sent the obviously aspirated design into 4th gear wouldn't force the turbo variation regarding 5th.
Due to the brand new engine's higher torque, Toyota could use 4.1 final drive ratios of all systems, with just the 11-seat Troop provider turbo-diesel design creating 4.3:1 diffs. The faster-diff variation loped along in 5th at 110kmh with best 2500rpm showing from the tacho.
We found that low-speed, offroad crawling performance wasn't impacted by the final drive ratio modification, because the brand new motor had ample torque, even when the turbo was not rotating at maximum increase revs. Toyota tuned the motor's torque bend becoming virtually level from 1400--2600rpm, so offroad behaviour ended up being really steady, with no sudden torque surges.
In general, if you should be to locate a very good automobile that is great into the bush, dependable and easy to correct, this is actually the one available.
Do not anticipate it to be cheaper or simple to find as individuals who purchase them always hang onto all of them -- however, if you are doing have a privately possessed one out of reasonable problem, it will likely be great for about one fourth of a million klicks.
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